I remember Flicka
posted by Norman Larson @ 3:56 PM
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Saturday, April 30, 2005
Thursday, April 28, 2005
Birds Lovers Are Atwitter
This is a news release from the Nature Conservancy:
Long Thought Extinct, Ivory-billed Woodpecker Rediscovered in Big Woods of Arkansas
Multiple sightings, video footage show bird survives in vast forested areas
Brinkley, Arkansas—April 28, 2005—Long believed to be extinct, a magnificent bird – the ivory-billed woodpecker – has been rediscovered in the Big Woods of eastern Arkansas. More than 60 years after the last confirmed sighting of the species in the United States, a research team today announced that at least one male ivory-bill still survives in vast areas of bottomland swamp forest.
Published in the journal Science on its Science Express Web site (April 28, 2005), the findings include multiple sightings of the elusive woodpecker and frame-by-frame analyses of brief video footage. The evidence was gathered during an intensive year-long search in the Cache River and White River national wildlife refuges involving more than 50 experts and field biologists working together as part of the Big Woods Conservation Partnership, led by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology at Cornell University and The Nature Conservancy.
“The bird captured on video is clearly an ivory-billed woodpecker,” said John Fitzpatrick, the Science article’s lead author, and director of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. “Amazingly, America may have another chance to protect the future of this spectacular bird and the awesome forests in which it lives.”
“It is a landmark rediscovery,” said Scott Simon, director of The Nature Conservancy’s Arkansas chapter. “Finding the ivory-bill in Arkansas validates decades of great conservation work and represents an incredible story of hope for the future.”
Joining the search team at a press conference in Washington, D.C, Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton announced a Department of the Interior initiative to identify funds for recovery efforts. Through its cooperative conservation initiative, the Fish and Wildlife Service has a variety of grant and technical aid programs to support wildlife recovery.
“These programs are the heart and soul of the federal government’s commitment to cooperative conservation. They are perfectly tailored to recover this magnificent bird,” Secretary Norton said. “Across the Nation, these programs preserve millions of acres of habitat, improve riparian habitat along thousands of miles of streams and develop conservation plans for endangered species and their habitat.”
The largest woodpecker in North America, the ivory-billed woodpecker is known through lore as a bird of beauty and indomitable spirit. The species vanished after extensive clearing destroyed millions of acres of virgin forest throughout the South between the 1880s and mid-1940s. Although the majestic bird has been sought for decades, until now there was no firm evidence that it still existed.
The rediscovery has galvanized efforts to save the Big Woods of Arkansas, 550,000 acres of bayous, bottomland forests and oxbow lakes. According to Simon, The Nature Conservancy has conserved 18,000 acres of critical habitat in the Big Woods, at the request of the partnership, since the search began. “It’s a very wild and beautiful place,” Simon said.
The Search and the Evidence
While kayaking in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge on Feb. 11, 2004, Gene Sparling of Hot Springs, Ark., saw an unusually large, red-crested woodpecker fly toward him and land on a nearby tree. He noticed several field marks suggesting the bird was an ivory-billed woodpecker.
A week later, after learning of the sighting, Tim Gallagher, editor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Living Bird magazine, and Bobby Harrison, associate professor at Oakwood College, Huntsville, Ala., interviewed Sparling. They were so convinced by his report that they traveled to Arkansas and then with Sparling to the bayou where he had seen the bird.
On Feb. 27, as Sparling paddled ahead, a large black-and-white woodpecker flew across the bayou less than 70 feet in front of Gallagher and Harrison, who simultaneously cried out: “Ivory-bill!” Minutes later, after the bird had disappeared into the forest, Gallagher and Harrison sat down to sketch independently what each had seen. Their field sketches, included in the Science article, show the characteristic patterns of white and black on the wings of the woodpecker.
“When we finished our notes,” Gallagher said, “Bobby sat down on a log, put his face in his hands and began to sob, saying, ‘I saw an ivory-bill. I saw an ivory-bill.’” Gallagher said he was too choked with emotion to speak. “Just to think this bird made it into the 21st century gives me chills. It’s like a funeral shroud has been pulled back, giving us a glimpse of a living bird, rising Lazarus-like from the grave,” he said.
The sightings by Sparling, Gallagher and Harrison led to the formation of a search team, which later became the Big Woods Conservation Partnership. On April 5, 10 and 11, three different searchers sighted an ivory-bill in nearby areas. The views were fleeting, leaving little opportunity to take photographs.
David Luneau, associate professor at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, said he thought the best chance to film the elusive bird would be to have a camcorder on at all times. On April 25, Luneau captured four seconds of video footage showing an ivory-billed woodpecker taking off from the trunk of a tree.
Frame-by-frame analyses show a bird perched on a tupelo trunk, with a distinctive white pattern on its back. During 1.2 seconds of flight, the video reveals 11 wing beats showing extensive white on the trailing edges of the wings and white on the back. Both of these features distinguish the ivory-billed woodpecker from the superficially similar, and much more common, pileated woodpecker.
On three occasions, members of the search team heard series of loud double-raps, possibly the ivory-billed woodpecker’s display drumming. On Feb. 14, 2005, Casey Taylor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology heard the drumming for 30 minutes, then watched as an ivory-billed woodpecker, being mobbed by crows, flew into view.
In addition, autonomous recording units detected sounds, among thousands of hours of recordings, which resembled double-raps and possible calls of the ivory-bill – reminiscent of the sound of a tin horn. Researchers say ongoing analyses of the recordings have not yet enabled them to rule out other potential sound sources, such as the calls of blue jays, which are notorious mimics.
In all, during more than 7,000 hours of search time, experienced observers reported at least 15 sightings of the ivory-bill, seven of which were described in the Science article. Because only a single bird was observed at a time, researchers say they don’t yet know whether more than one inhabits the area.
So far, the search team has focused its efforts in approximately 16 of the 850 square miles in the bottomland forests of Arkansas. Fitzpatrick of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology said that the next step will be to broaden the search to assess whether breeding pairs exist and how many ivory-bills the region may support. To expand the area being monitored and minimize disturbance to the endangered woodpecker, the team will continue to use acoustic monitoring technologies as well as on-the-ground searching. Fitzpatrick said the team will also encourage others to search for the ivory-bill elsewhere in suitable habitats throughout the South.
Simon of The Nature Conservancy said that over the years, state and federal agencies, conservation organizations, hunters and landowners have aggressively worked to conserve and restore the bottomland hardwood and swamp ecosystem. “Now we know we must work even harder to conserve this critical habitat – not just for the ivory-billed woodpecker, but for the black bears, waterfowl and many other species of these unique woods,” he added.
The partnership’s 10-year goal is to restore 200,000 more acres of forest in the Big Woods. The effort will include conserving forest habitat, improving river water quality, and restoring the physical structure of the river channels, focusing in locations with maximum benefit in reconnecting forest patches and protecting river health.
“The ivory-bill tells us that we could actually bring this system back to that primeval forest here in the heartland of North America,” said Fitzpatrick, who is also a member of The Nature Conservancy’s board of governors. “That’s the kind of forest that I hope some generation of Americans and citizens of the world will get to come and visit.”
For more information about the search and the efforts to save the ivory-billed woodpecker and the Big Woods, visit www.ivorybill.org.
###
Long Thought Extinct, Ivory-billed Woodpecker Rediscovered in Big Woods of Arkansas
Multiple sightings, video footage show bird survives in vast forested areas
Brinkley, Arkansas—April 28, 2005—Long believed to be extinct, a magnificent bird – the ivory-billed woodpecker – has been rediscovered in the Big Woods of eastern Arkansas. More than 60 years after the last confirmed sighting of the species in the United States, a research team today announced that at least one male ivory-bill still survives in vast areas of bottomland swamp forest.
Published in the journal Science on its Science Express Web site (April 28, 2005), the findings include multiple sightings of the elusive woodpecker and frame-by-frame analyses of brief video footage. The evidence was gathered during an intensive year-long search in the Cache River and White River national wildlife refuges involving more than 50 experts and field biologists working together as part of the Big Woods Conservation Partnership, led by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology at Cornell University and The Nature Conservancy.
“The bird captured on video is clearly an ivory-billed woodpecker,” said John Fitzpatrick, the Science article’s lead author, and director of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. “Amazingly, America may have another chance to protect the future of this spectacular bird and the awesome forests in which it lives.”
“It is a landmark rediscovery,” said Scott Simon, director of The Nature Conservancy’s Arkansas chapter. “Finding the ivory-bill in Arkansas validates decades of great conservation work and represents an incredible story of hope for the future.”
Joining the search team at a press conference in Washington, D.C, Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton announced a Department of the Interior initiative to identify funds for recovery efforts. Through its cooperative conservation initiative, the Fish and Wildlife Service has a variety of grant and technical aid programs to support wildlife recovery.
“These programs are the heart and soul of the federal government’s commitment to cooperative conservation. They are perfectly tailored to recover this magnificent bird,” Secretary Norton said. “Across the Nation, these programs preserve millions of acres of habitat, improve riparian habitat along thousands of miles of streams and develop conservation plans for endangered species and their habitat.”
The largest woodpecker in North America, the ivory-billed woodpecker is known through lore as a bird of beauty and indomitable spirit. The species vanished after extensive clearing destroyed millions of acres of virgin forest throughout the South between the 1880s and mid-1940s. Although the majestic bird has been sought for decades, until now there was no firm evidence that it still existed.
The rediscovery has galvanized efforts to save the Big Woods of Arkansas, 550,000 acres of bayous, bottomland forests and oxbow lakes. According to Simon, The Nature Conservancy has conserved 18,000 acres of critical habitat in the Big Woods, at the request of the partnership, since the search began. “It’s a very wild and beautiful place,” Simon said.
The Search and the Evidence
While kayaking in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge on Feb. 11, 2004, Gene Sparling of Hot Springs, Ark., saw an unusually large, red-crested woodpecker fly toward him and land on a nearby tree. He noticed several field marks suggesting the bird was an ivory-billed woodpecker.
A week later, after learning of the sighting, Tim Gallagher, editor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s Living Bird magazine, and Bobby Harrison, associate professor at Oakwood College, Huntsville, Ala., interviewed Sparling. They were so convinced by his report that they traveled to Arkansas and then with Sparling to the bayou where he had seen the bird.
On Feb. 27, as Sparling paddled ahead, a large black-and-white woodpecker flew across the bayou less than 70 feet in front of Gallagher and Harrison, who simultaneously cried out: “Ivory-bill!” Minutes later, after the bird had disappeared into the forest, Gallagher and Harrison sat down to sketch independently what each had seen. Their field sketches, included in the Science article, show the characteristic patterns of white and black on the wings of the woodpecker.
“When we finished our notes,” Gallagher said, “Bobby sat down on a log, put his face in his hands and began to sob, saying, ‘I saw an ivory-bill. I saw an ivory-bill.’” Gallagher said he was too choked with emotion to speak. “Just to think this bird made it into the 21st century gives me chills. It’s like a funeral shroud has been pulled back, giving us a glimpse of a living bird, rising Lazarus-like from the grave,” he said.
The sightings by Sparling, Gallagher and Harrison led to the formation of a search team, which later became the Big Woods Conservation Partnership. On April 5, 10 and 11, three different searchers sighted an ivory-bill in nearby areas. The views were fleeting, leaving little opportunity to take photographs.
David Luneau, associate professor at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, said he thought the best chance to film the elusive bird would be to have a camcorder on at all times. On April 25, Luneau captured four seconds of video footage showing an ivory-billed woodpecker taking off from the trunk of a tree.
Frame-by-frame analyses show a bird perched on a tupelo trunk, with a distinctive white pattern on its back. During 1.2 seconds of flight, the video reveals 11 wing beats showing extensive white on the trailing edges of the wings and white on the back. Both of these features distinguish the ivory-billed woodpecker from the superficially similar, and much more common, pileated woodpecker.
On three occasions, members of the search team heard series of loud double-raps, possibly the ivory-billed woodpecker’s display drumming. On Feb. 14, 2005, Casey Taylor of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology heard the drumming for 30 minutes, then watched as an ivory-billed woodpecker, being mobbed by crows, flew into view.
In addition, autonomous recording units detected sounds, among thousands of hours of recordings, which resembled double-raps and possible calls of the ivory-bill – reminiscent of the sound of a tin horn. Researchers say ongoing analyses of the recordings have not yet enabled them to rule out other potential sound sources, such as the calls of blue jays, which are notorious mimics.
In all, during more than 7,000 hours of search time, experienced observers reported at least 15 sightings of the ivory-bill, seven of which were described in the Science article. Because only a single bird was observed at a time, researchers say they don’t yet know whether more than one inhabits the area.
So far, the search team has focused its efforts in approximately 16 of the 850 square miles in the bottomland forests of Arkansas. Fitzpatrick of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology said that the next step will be to broaden the search to assess whether breeding pairs exist and how many ivory-bills the region may support. To expand the area being monitored and minimize disturbance to the endangered woodpecker, the team will continue to use acoustic monitoring technologies as well as on-the-ground searching. Fitzpatrick said the team will also encourage others to search for the ivory-bill elsewhere in suitable habitats throughout the South.
Simon of The Nature Conservancy said that over the years, state and federal agencies, conservation organizations, hunters and landowners have aggressively worked to conserve and restore the bottomland hardwood and swamp ecosystem. “Now we know we must work even harder to conserve this critical habitat – not just for the ivory-billed woodpecker, but for the black bears, waterfowl and many other species of these unique woods,” he added.
The partnership’s 10-year goal is to restore 200,000 more acres of forest in the Big Woods. The effort will include conserving forest habitat, improving river water quality, and restoring the physical structure of the river channels, focusing in locations with maximum benefit in reconnecting forest patches and protecting river health.
“The ivory-bill tells us that we could actually bring this system back to that primeval forest here in the heartland of North America,” said Fitzpatrick, who is also a member of The Nature Conservancy’s board of governors. “That’s the kind of forest that I hope some generation of Americans and citizens of the world will get to come and visit.”
For more information about the search and the efforts to save the ivory-billed woodpecker and the Big Woods, visit www.ivorybill.org.
###
posted by Norman Larson @ 12:26 PM
0 comments
Wednesday, April 27, 2005
Tuesday, April 26, 2005
Monday, April 25, 2005
The New Pope
I predict that the new Pope will last longer than 33 days (i.e., longer than Pope John Paul I) -- but not a lot longer.
The New York Times > International > International Special > The Students: In Seminary Halls, All Eyes Are on the Newest Pontiff
The New York Times > International > International Special > The Students: In Seminary Halls, All Eyes Are on the Newest Pontiff
posted by Norman Larson @ 2:44 PM
0 comments
Sunday, April 24, 2005
Home Schooling
In 1985-86, our son Eric and an estimated 653 other young Minnesotans were home-schooled. This year, that number is closer to 18,000.
This information comes from a huge story (two full pages, 10E and 12E) in today's Saint Paul Pioneer Press:
St. Paul Pioneer Press | 04/24/2005 | The new school
This information comes from a huge story (two full pages, 10E and 12E) in today's Saint Paul Pioneer Press:
St. Paul Pioneer Press | 04/24/2005 | The new school
posted by Norman Larson @ 1:57 PM
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Turbulence on Campus in '60s and Today's Pope
This is an interesting story about the new Pope:
The New York Times > International > International Special > Turbulence on Campus in '60s Hardened Views of Future Pope
The New York Times > International > International Special > Turbulence on Campus in '60s Hardened Views of Future Pope
posted by Norman Larson @ 6:31 AM
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Friday, April 22, 2005
Information Overload
This story is from The Scotsman, published in Edinburgh, Scotland:
Scotsman.com News - Top Stories - It's not clever to send too many texts and e-mails
Scotsman.com News - Top Stories - It's not clever to send too many texts and e-mails
posted by Norman Larson @ 6:48 AM
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Wednesday, April 20, 2005
Two Reporters Suffer Another Court Setback
I wonder how many students from my Media Law classes will remember Branzburg v. Hayes.
The New York Times > Washington > 2 Reporters Suffer Another Court Setback: "Branzburg v. Hayes"
The New York Times > Washington > 2 Reporters Suffer Another Court Setback: "Branzburg v. Hayes"
posted by Norman Larson @ 6:48 AM
0 comments
Monday, April 18, 2005
Thursday, April 14, 2005
My Letter to the Editor
I sent my essay on "The Popes and I" to our local weekly newspaper, and it appeared in this week's edition as a letter to the editor. So once again I am a published writer in the traditional media.
He recalls seeing Pope while on active duty in Navy
He recalls seeing Pope while on active duty in Navy
posted by Norman Larson @ 7:01 AM
0 comments
Saturday, April 09, 2005
Friday, April 08, 2005
Wednesday, April 06, 2005
Pfizer Plans 12% Cost Cut as Sales Lag
Pfizer and other pharmaceutical companies are greedy and deserve to go broke. Note the following from the story:
By 2007, Pfizer will face low-priced generic competition for a half-dozen drugs that now account for almost 30 percent of its sales and billions of dollars in profits.
The New York Times > Business > Pfizer Plans 12% Cost Cut as Sales Lag
By 2007, Pfizer will face low-priced generic competition for a half-dozen drugs that now account for almost 30 percent of its sales and billions of dollars in profits.
The New York Times > Business > Pfizer Plans 12% Cost Cut as Sales Lag
posted by Norman Larson @ 7:14 AM
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Monday, April 04, 2005
The Popes and I
With all of the media coverage about the death of the Pope, I paused for more than a moment when I read a comment that a 72-year-old Italian man said that he had lived through six popes. I thought to myself that I am 70 – and wondered how many popes I could recall. My wife Judith and I started naming them off and came off with five: John Paul II, John Paul I, Paul VI, John XXIII and Pius XXII.
Was there a sixth pope in my (and Judith’s) lifetime? I searched the Internet and found that Pius XI was pope from Feb. 6, 1922, to Feb. 10, 1939. So I was not quite four and a half years old at the time of his death. Judith was two and a half years old.
The other popes and their tenure during my and Judith’s lifetime, according to data I found on the Internet:
Pius XII – March 2, 1939, to Oct. 9, 1958.
John XXII – Oct. 28, 1958, to June 3, 1963.
Paul VI – June 21, 1963, to Aug. 6, 1978
John Paul I – Aug. 26, 1978, to Sept. 28, 1978 (33 days!)
John Paul II – Oct. 16, 1978, to April 2, 2005
When I was growing up, there was only one pope, Pius XII, and only one president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Pope Pius XII lived longer into and past my childhood than did President Roosevelt.
What is the point of all of this?
I actually saw a pope. Twice! In July of 1958. I was on active duty in the Navy, serving on board the aircraft carrier USS Wasp in the Mediterranean. The ship was in Naples, Italy, and those of us who wanted to could take a three-day tour to Rome. As it turned out, the ship’s chaplain, who was Roman Catholic (and I was not), was going on the same tour as I was, and he arranged for us to have a papal audience in St. Peter’s Basilica. That was the most emotional experience up to that time of my life. I cannot explain how I felt, and as I have stated, I am not a Catholic. I was overcome! The only other time in my life that this emotion has occurred was the morning of Friday, Jan. 4, 1974, when I was in the delivery room for the birth of our son Eric.
It is difficult to explain the emotional experience of seeing a pope. The basilica, to begin with, is a huge structure. The pope was carried in on what I think is called a gondola – not the kind in the water at Venice but something like a throne on a platform with a man at each of the four corners holding it into the air. The procession was from the entrance off St. Peter's Square to the main altar. People were standing in sections that were separated by a wooden barrier to the front as well as the sides so that the pope's procession went up the aisle without people being able to touch him or the throne. But he was only a few feet as he passed us. (I do not think that such a procession is held anymore because of fear of assassination.) What I remember is that the people burst into applause, which seemed so strange to me inside a church. With the recent news coverage, though, I heard that it is an Italian custom to applaud as a sign of respect.
The morning after the audience in St. Peter’s, we were there in St. Peter’s Square when Pope Pius appeared for his traditional Wednesday greeting at the window in his papal apartment. I think that was his last appearance in the Vatican, for he went to his summer residence at Castel Gandolof. He was reported to be in ill health, and he stayed there rather than returning to the Vatican, and it was there that he died on Oct. 9, 1958.
Soon after our tour group returned from Rome, the ship abruptly left Naples for the eastern Mediterranean for what turned out to be the “Lebanon Crisis of 1958,” which is now a footnote in history. I found the following information on a naval history Web site:
On July 15,1958, the Wasp put to sea to patrol waters off Lebanon. The ship’s Marine helicopter transport squadron left the ship five days later to set up camp at the Beirut International Airport. They flew reconnaissance missions and transported the sick and injured from Marine battalions in the hills to the evacuation hospital at the airport.
The Wasp continued to support forces ashore in Lebanon until Sept. 17,1958, when the ship departed Beirut Harbor, bound for home. The Wasp reached Norfolk, Va., on Oct. 7, unloaded supplies, and then made a brief stop at Quonset Point, R.I., before arriving in the ship’s homeport of Boston on Oct.11.
Back in Boston, I soon left the ship for two weeks at home in Minneapolis and by the end of the year was released from active duty.
Was there a sixth pope in my (and Judith’s) lifetime? I searched the Internet and found that Pius XI was pope from Feb. 6, 1922, to Feb. 10, 1939. So I was not quite four and a half years old at the time of his death. Judith was two and a half years old.
The other popes and their tenure during my and Judith’s lifetime, according to data I found on the Internet:
Pius XII – March 2, 1939, to Oct. 9, 1958.
John XXII – Oct. 28, 1958, to June 3, 1963.
Paul VI – June 21, 1963, to Aug. 6, 1978
John Paul I – Aug. 26, 1978, to Sept. 28, 1978 (33 days!)
John Paul II – Oct. 16, 1978, to April 2, 2005
When I was growing up, there was only one pope, Pius XII, and only one president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Pope Pius XII lived longer into and past my childhood than did President Roosevelt.
What is the point of all of this?
I actually saw a pope. Twice! In July of 1958. I was on active duty in the Navy, serving on board the aircraft carrier USS Wasp in the Mediterranean. The ship was in Naples, Italy, and those of us who wanted to could take a three-day tour to Rome. As it turned out, the ship’s chaplain, who was Roman Catholic (and I was not), was going on the same tour as I was, and he arranged for us to have a papal audience in St. Peter’s Basilica. That was the most emotional experience up to that time of my life. I cannot explain how I felt, and as I have stated, I am not a Catholic. I was overcome! The only other time in my life that this emotion has occurred was the morning of Friday, Jan. 4, 1974, when I was in the delivery room for the birth of our son Eric.
It is difficult to explain the emotional experience of seeing a pope. The basilica, to begin with, is a huge structure. The pope was carried in on what I think is called a gondola – not the kind in the water at Venice but something like a throne on a platform with a man at each of the four corners holding it into the air. The procession was from the entrance off St. Peter's Square to the main altar. People were standing in sections that were separated by a wooden barrier to the front as well as the sides so that the pope's procession went up the aisle without people being able to touch him or the throne. But he was only a few feet as he passed us. (I do not think that such a procession is held anymore because of fear of assassination.) What I remember is that the people burst into applause, which seemed so strange to me inside a church. With the recent news coverage, though, I heard that it is an Italian custom to applaud as a sign of respect.
The morning after the audience in St. Peter’s, we were there in St. Peter’s Square when Pope Pius appeared for his traditional Wednesday greeting at the window in his papal apartment. I think that was his last appearance in the Vatican, for he went to his summer residence at Castel Gandolof. He was reported to be in ill health, and he stayed there rather than returning to the Vatican, and it was there that he died on Oct. 9, 1958.
Soon after our tour group returned from Rome, the ship abruptly left Naples for the eastern Mediterranean for what turned out to be the “Lebanon Crisis of 1958,” which is now a footnote in history. I found the following information on a naval history Web site:
On July 15,1958, the Wasp put to sea to patrol waters off Lebanon. The ship’s Marine helicopter transport squadron left the ship five days later to set up camp at the Beirut International Airport. They flew reconnaissance missions and transported the sick and injured from Marine battalions in the hills to the evacuation hospital at the airport.
The Wasp continued to support forces ashore in Lebanon until Sept. 17,1958, when the ship departed Beirut Harbor, bound for home. The Wasp reached Norfolk, Va., on Oct. 7, unloaded supplies, and then made a brief stop at Quonset Point, R.I., before arriving in the ship’s homeport of Boston on Oct.11.
Back in Boston, I soon left the ship for two weeks at home in Minneapolis and by the end of the year was released from active duty.
posted by Norman Larson @ 5:32 PM
0 comments
